pencil first discovered

Did you know that all of the modern pencil in the world were originally from the ancient Romans, who at the time was called a stylus? Scribes the first use of thin metal rods to ease during use but can also be read on papyrus (an early form of paper). Beginning styluses were made of lead, which we still call the core of a pencil though actually made of graphite that are not toxic.
Pencils and erasers are a couple that can not be separated. Stationery and pencil painting is originally made from pure graphite. The writing is done by scraping graphite into the media. However, pure graphite tends to break easily, too soft, giving the effect of media now rubbing dirty hands, and your hands dirty when held. Then created a mixture of graphite with clay so that the composition is harder. Furthermore, the composition of the mixture is wrapped with paper or wood.
History of Pencil
The use of lead and graphite has been started since ancient Greece. Both give the effect of gray streaks, although slightly more black graphite. Graphite is very rarely used until later in 1564 found to contain large amounts of pure graphite in Borrowdale, a valley in the Lake District, northern England. Although it looks like coal, mineral can not be burned, and shiny black scars, and easily removed on a surface that can be written.
At this time the term graphite still confused with tin, lead, and Plumbago, meaning "like lead" given the nature of the same. Hence the term lead pencil (pencil lead) is still used today. Because oily texture, with leather wrapped chunks of lamb or a small piece of tin berbentuktongkat bandaged by rope. No one knows who first had the idea to put lead into a wooden container, but in 1560's, primitive pencil had arrived on the European continent.
Soon, the lead was mined and exported to meet the demand of artists, and in the 17th century, lead could be said has been used everywhere. At the same time, manufacturers experimented with a lead pencil to produce a better stationery. Because pure and easily extracted, lead from Borrowdale to target thieves and traffickers. To overcome this, the British Parliament passed legislation in 1752 that established that could lead thief jailed or exiled to a convict colony.
Carl W. Scheele
But in 1779, a chemist Carl W. Scheele researched and concluded that graphite has a much different chemical properties with lead. Graphite is pure carbon molecular composition software. Finally, in 1789, German geologists, Abraham G. Werner gives the name graphite, which is derived from the Greek word graphein, meaning to write. Thus, the content of lead pencil instead.
Developments Pencil
For years, England monopolized the manufacture of graphite pencil because pure enough to be used without further processing. Because graphite inferior European, pencil factories there experimented with different ways to improve the content of the pencil. French engineer Nicolas-Jacques Conté mixing powdered graphite with clay, forming the mixture into rods, and burn it in the fireplace. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, he can make the contents of a pencil that produces various shades of black, the process used until now.
In the 19th century, making the manufacture of pencils into a big business. Graphite found in several places, including Siberia, Germany, and is now called the Czech Republic. In Germany and then in the United States, a number of factories opened. Mechanization and mass production depress prices, and at the beginning of the 20th century, even school children using a pencil. Originally graphite pencil given wrapping paper torn suit wearer. But later found it more practical and efficient way to covering the entire graphite rod with two wooden slats ditoreh to provide a place for graphite rods and then put together. Pencil sharpener as a complementary stationery. When the user makes a mechanical sharpener sharpening pure pensil.Grafit may be preferred due to its characteristics of artists more straightforward. But for daily use, required a lower quality graphite to make it more flexible. In 1795, French chemist, Nicolas Jacques Conté, discovered by mixing graphite with clay in order to produce a better pencil and practical. One of its derivatives is pencil Konte.
On March 30, 1858 Hymen Lipman of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States patented a pencil with an eraser tip. But then the patent is canceled with no reason sebanarnya new discovery from the pencils.
Pencil sharpener as complementary Stationery
Prior to the construction of a special pencil sharpeners, pencil sharpened by the look on it with a knife. Pencil sharpeners made this task easier and more uniform results. Some special kinds of pencils, such as carpenter's pencils are still usually sharpened with a knife, because their flat shape, though recently iniperangkat fixed-blade with a rotatable collar has become tersedia.Bernard Lassimone, a French mathematician, applied for the first patent (French patent # 2444) on pencil sharpeners in 1828. In 1847, Therry des Estwaux find an improved mechanical sharpener. The first American pencil sharpener was patented by Walter K. Foster of Bangor, Maine in 1855. electric pencil sharpeners for offices have been made since at least 1917.Mereka now come in a variety of colors and shapes. It is common for traditional sharpeners to have a case around them to collect the shavings. It can be removed for emptying.
In May 2011 tourism officials in Logan, Ohio on display, in the area that welcome, hundreds of pencil sharpeners that have been collected by the Rev. Paul Johnson, an Ohio minister who died in 2010. Johnson, a veteran of World War II, has a collection of more than 3,400 sharpeners in a small hut, outside his home in Carbon Hill in southeast Ohio. He started collecting after his wife gave him a few pencil sharpeners as a gift in the late 1980s. He kept them organized into categories, including cats, Christmas and Disneyland. The oldest is 105 years old. Mechanical sharpener was found in 1880 and quickly became very popular.
Modern processing
Pencil in the modern era was made by crushing pure graphite and clay into a powder. The mixture is then given water, aerate, and then burned for three days. Then fill out a pencil that has been molded into the shape of a long and thin coated with fine wood. Initially more pencils made in a square shape due to the limited production machine. Nuremberg, Germany was the birthplace of the first mass-produced pencils in 1662. Fueled by Faber-Castell Faber-Castell was founded in 1761 in Stein, Germany. Starting from the pencil factory built by Kaspar Faber (1730-1784 lifetimes) in Nuremberg, the company initially produced pencils called "Bleiweißstifte". Then the business changed its name to "AWFaber" named after Kaspar's son, Anton Wilhelm Faber (1758-1810 lifetimes). After the death of Kaspar, Anton Wilhelm took over the control of his father's legacy business and make it grow rapidly. Furthermore, the establishment of Lyra, Steadtler and other companies, active pencil industry developed around the industrial revolution of the 19th century.