Motorcycles history

Motorcycles are now likely to be one of the most popular transportation tool in the world, especially in Indonesia. Will you pay attention on the road, so many motorcycles that pass or who are waiting in line when the red light is on.
Do you know where they come from motorcycles, nobody had a significant role in the development of motorcycles and motorcycle history to how to go to Indonesia?
There are three people who are recognized as the inventor of the motorcycle, Ernest Michaux (France), Edward Butler (UK) and Gottlieb Daimler (Germany). Motorcycles were first designed in 1868 by Ernest Michaux French nationality. At that time, the planned propulsion is steam engine, but the project was not successful. Then in 1885 Edward Butler tried to improve it by making the other vehicle uses three wheels and driven by the motor of the type of internal combustion engine.
In 1885 a German engineer Gottlieb Daimler and his partner, Wilhelm Maybach became the first motorcycle fabricators in the world. Daimler pair of small four-stroke engine on a wooden bicycle. Machine is placed in the middle (between the front and rear wheels) and connected by a chain to the rear wheel. Then the wooden bike engine was named Reitwagen (riding car).
At that time the vehicle type is not yet known to the public. Until the year 1892, Henry Hilderband of Munich, West Germany introduced a new model motorcycles. And was followed again by Werner Brothers in 1897. The first motorcycle sold to the public was made by the motorcycle factories Hildebrand und Wolfmüller in Munich, Germany in 1893. Motorcycle rear wheel is driven directly by the crankshaft (crankshaft).
In 1895 motorcycle first came to the United States, specifically to the city of New York. In the same year, a U.S. inventor, EJ Pennington, in Milwaukee, demonstrate self-designed motorcycle. Pennington eventually regarded as the first to introduce the term motorcycle (motorbike).
In the same year, Triumph, the British motorcycle manufacturer decided to make motorcycles. Four years later, 1902, the company produced the first motorcycle, but still using the machines from Belgium. Later in 1905, Triumph motorcycle produced its own intact.
In 1903, William S Harley and his friend Arthur Davidson, producing motorcycles in Milwaukee, United States, and named the Harley Davidson motorcycle. In 1904, another U.S. company, Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company, located in Springfield, Massachusetts, came to the Indian Motorcycle Single.
Then came World War I (1914-1918), the company became a motorcycle manufacturer with the largest production in the world. Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company closed in 1953 and the Indian brand was taken over by Royal Enfield.
After World War I until 1928, the company that manufactures the world's largest motorcycle is a Harley Davidson. In 1921, BMW motorcycle comes with rear-wheel driven using Koppel (shaft drive). In the 1930's there were about 80 motorcycle brands in the UK, including Norton, Triumph, AJS, and other brands that are not so famous, like New Gerrard, NUT, SOS, Chell and Whitwood.
The development of motorcycles in Europe, also sparked by World War II (1939-1945), where motorcycles are made for military purposes. After World War II, in 1946, Italian designers, Piaggio, Vespa scooter introduced and immediately attracted the attention of the world.
In 1949, Honda manufactures motorcycles with two stroke engines. However, the sound of two stroke engines are noisy and smelling smoke coming out of the exhaust makes Honda four-stroke engine develops.
In 1951, BSA Group (UK) bought Triumph Motorcycles and became the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world. Then the BSA position was taken over by NSU (Germany) in 1955. However, since the 1970's until now, Honda noted as the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world.
In 1952, Honda produces motorcycle known as a cub. Popularity duck type motorcycle is making a Japanese motorcycle companies such as Kawasaki, Yamaha, and Suzuki motorcycles modeled this type of duck.
Interesting figure, a powerful engine and easy to maintain, as well as competitive prices make Japanese motorcycles, the Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha, and Kawasaki, very popular and until now dominate the world motorcycle market. However, the names of Harley Davidson motorcycles remains a popular, especially in the United States. Likewise, BMW, Triumph and Ducati.
Motorcycles first entered Indonesia in 1893. The motorcycle was purchased by John C. Potter, a machinist first sugar mill Oemboel, Probolinggo, East Java. He ordered himself a motorcycle it directly to the manufacturer in Munich.
Well, so now you know the history of motorcycles in the world. What about other types of transportation history? Come explore this website again yah ...
From various sources

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Betawi traditional clothes

Betawi traditional clothes consist of several types, both for men and women. Betawi traditional clothes like the traditional clothing that apply in other provinces, influenced by other cultures or peoples. The influence can be seen from Betawi traditional clothes for daily wear and bridal apparel.Clothes Everyday ManBetawi traditional clothes used by the Betawi men consist of:

    * Wear koko (sadariah). Koko called sadariah imposed. The shape is the same as the koko in general, usually just a solid color.

    * Pants batik. Pants worn batik is batik long underpants. With a color that is not too crowded, usually white, brown, and black in his motives.

    * Fabric adhesive. Adhesive fabric is shaped like a scarf that is placed next to the shoulder or slung on the neck.

    * Peci. Peci used generally made of black velvet that characterizes the Betawi people.Clothes Everyday WomanFor women Betawi traditional clothes used everyday consists of:

    * Wear a short-sleeved brackets. Baju kurung worn has short sleeves, often added a pocket on the front with striking colors.

    * Batik sarong. Batik sarong worn women often Betawi usually patterned geometry with bright colors to mix and match with clothes brackets are used.

    * Veil. Used the veil scarf worn on the head women Betawi. The color is matched with the clothes they are wearing braces.Bridal Apparel MenBetawi wedding dress is influenced by a variety of customs, which are indigenous Arabic, Chinese, Malay, and Western.Betawi traditional clothes used for custom wedding Betawi man called Dress pilgrimage care. Clothes groom include robes and headgear.Robe made of brightly colored velvet. Robe which is made of a soft white cloth. While the headgear is made of a turban called Alpie. As a complement to the gold thread used patterned scarves or beads that bright colors. To be more harmonious, indigenous Betawi wedding groom use loafers.Bride ClothesThe bride in a traditional wedding dress using traditional Betawi Betawi called Rias great care makeup bridal cine none.Clothes worn Chinese style blouse with brightly colored satin. Subordinates using skirt or called Kun dark mermaid model. Colors are often used black or red heart.As a complement to the head used fireworks rocking with phoenix motif with fake bun, with a veil over her face. At the bun adorned with jasmine also formed roonje and comb. Other jewelry used is wide necklace, bracelet listring and lotus decoration beads worn around the chest, and slippers with model boats as footwear.Source: from various sources

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pencil first discovered

Did you know that all of the modern pencil in the world were originally from the ancient Romans, who at the time was called a stylus? Scribes the first use of thin metal rods to ease during use but can also be read on papyrus (an early form of paper). Beginning styluses were made of lead, which we still call the core of a pencil though actually made of graphite that are not toxic.
Pencils and erasers are a couple that can not be separated. Stationery and pencil painting is originally made from pure graphite. The writing is done by scraping graphite into the media. However, pure graphite tends to break easily, too soft, giving the effect of media now rubbing dirty hands, and your hands dirty when held. Then created a mixture of graphite with clay so that the composition is harder. Furthermore, the composition of the mixture is wrapped with paper or wood.
History of Pencil
The use of lead and graphite has been started since ancient Greece. Both give the effect of gray streaks, although slightly more black graphite. Graphite is very rarely used until later in 1564 found to contain large amounts of pure graphite in Borrowdale, a valley in the Lake District, northern England. Although it looks like coal, mineral can not be burned, and shiny black scars, and easily removed on a surface that can be written.
At this time the term graphite still confused with tin, lead, and Plumbago, meaning "like lead" given the nature of the same. Hence the term lead pencil (pencil lead) is still used today. Because oily texture, with leather wrapped chunks of lamb or a small piece of tin berbentuktongkat bandaged by rope. No one knows who first had the idea to put lead into a wooden container, but in 1560's, primitive pencil had arrived on the European continent.
Soon, the lead was mined and exported to meet the demand of artists, and in the 17th century, lead could be said has been used everywhere. At the same time, manufacturers experimented with a lead pencil to produce a better stationery. Because pure and easily extracted, lead from Borrowdale to target thieves and traffickers. To overcome this, the British Parliament passed legislation in 1752 that established that could lead thief jailed or exiled to a convict colony.
Carl W. Scheele
But in 1779, a chemist Carl W. Scheele researched and concluded that graphite has a much different chemical properties with lead. Graphite is pure carbon molecular composition software. Finally, in 1789, German geologists, Abraham G. Werner gives the name graphite, which is derived from the Greek word graphein, meaning to write. Thus, the content of lead pencil instead.
Developments Pencil
For years, England monopolized the manufacture of graphite pencil because pure enough to be used without further processing. Because graphite inferior European, pencil factories there experimented with different ways to improve the content of the pencil. French engineer Nicolas-Jacques Conté mixing powdered graphite with clay, forming the mixture into rods, and burn it in the fireplace. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, he can make the contents of a pencil that produces various shades of black, the process used until now.
In the 19th century, making the manufacture of pencils into a big business. Graphite found in several places, including Siberia, Germany, and is now called the Czech Republic. In Germany and then in the United States, a number of factories opened. Mechanization and mass production depress prices, and at the beginning of the 20th century, even school children using a pencil. Originally graphite pencil given wrapping paper torn suit wearer. But later found it more practical and efficient way to covering the entire graphite rod with two wooden slats ditoreh to provide a place for graphite rods and then put together. Pencil sharpener as a complementary stationery. When the user makes a mechanical sharpener sharpening pure pensil.Grafit may be preferred due to its characteristics of artists more straightforward. But for daily use, required a lower quality graphite to make it more flexible. In 1795, French chemist, Nicolas Jacques Conté, discovered by mixing graphite with clay in order to produce a better pencil and practical. One of its derivatives is pencil Konte.
On March 30, 1858 Hymen Lipman of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States patented a pencil with an eraser tip. But then the patent is canceled with no reason sebanarnya new discovery from the pencils.
Pencil sharpener as complementary Stationery
Prior to the construction of a special pencil sharpeners, pencil sharpened by the look on it with a knife. Pencil sharpeners made this task easier and more uniform results. Some special kinds of pencils, such as carpenter's pencils are still usually sharpened with a knife, because their flat shape, though recently iniperangkat fixed-blade with a rotatable collar has become tersedia.Bernard Lassimone, a French mathematician, applied for the first patent (French patent # 2444) on pencil sharpeners in 1828. In 1847, Therry des Estwaux find an improved mechanical sharpener. The first American pencil sharpener was patented by Walter K. Foster of Bangor, Maine in 1855. electric pencil sharpeners for offices have been made since at least 1917.Mereka now come in a variety of colors and shapes. It is common for traditional sharpeners to have a case around them to collect the shavings. It can be removed for emptying.
In May 2011 tourism officials in Logan, Ohio on display, in the area that welcome, hundreds of pencil sharpeners that have been collected by the Rev. Paul Johnson, an Ohio minister who died in 2010. Johnson, a veteran of World War II, has a collection of more than 3,400 sharpeners in a small hut, outside his home in Carbon Hill in southeast Ohio. He started collecting after his wife gave him a few pencil sharpeners as a gift in the late 1980s. He kept them organized into categories, including cats, Christmas and Disneyland. The oldest is 105 years old. Mechanical sharpener was found in 1880 and quickly became very popular.
Modern processing
Pencil in the modern era was made by crushing pure graphite and clay into a powder. The mixture is then given water, aerate, and then burned for three days. Then fill out a pencil that has been molded into the shape of a long and thin coated with fine wood. Initially more pencils made in a square shape due to the limited production machine. Nuremberg, Germany was the birthplace of the first mass-produced pencils in 1662. Fueled by Faber-Castell Faber-Castell was founded in 1761 in Stein, Germany. Starting from the pencil factory built by Kaspar Faber (1730-1784 lifetimes) in Nuremberg, the company initially produced pencils called "Bleiweißstifte". Then the business changed its name to "AWFaber" named after Kaspar's son, Anton Wilhelm Faber (1758-1810 lifetimes). After the death of Kaspar, Anton Wilhelm took over the control of his father's legacy business and make it grow rapidly. Furthermore, the establishment of Lyra, Steadtler and other companies, active pencil industry developed around the industrial revolution of the 19th century.

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the inventor handpone (Martin Cooper)

Martin Cooper inventor of the cell phone itself does not imagine that could be as small as a mobile phone now so it can be taken anywhere in accordance with the needs and demands in today's wireless age.
Martin Marty Cooper (born December 26, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois, USA) who was the leader of a team of Motorola engineers who developed the handheld mobile devices is different from a car phone (Car Phone). Cooper is the CEO and founder of ArrayComm, a company that works in Smart Antenna technology research and developing wireless networks, and is the director of Research and Development of Motorola.
Early
Martin Cooper grew up in Chicago during the world recession. His parents were Ukrainian immigrants. He received a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering in 1950.
Career
Martin Cooper joined the Reserve Officers Training Corps United States Navy. He served in the U.S. Navy destroyer during the Korean War and then on a submarine based in Hawaii.
After the war, Cooper left the Navy and began working at Teletype, a subsidiary of Western Electric. In 1954, he moved to Motorola. While working there he continued his studies at night. In 1957, he received his Master's Degree in electronics engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology.
In 1960 he was instrumental in changing the sheets that were previously limited to information technology is used in a single building is becoming increasingly widespread that connects between cities. Cooper helped fix the defects in crystals Motorola made for radio. This encourages companies to mass produce the first quartz crystal to be used in quartz watches.
In 1960, John F. Mitchell became chief project engineer for Motorola portable communications. In the early 1970s, Mitchell Cooper giving responsibility to the mobile phone division (Carphone). Mitchell and Cooper envisioned a communications product, not only in the car. So that the device should be small and light enough to be portable. It took 90 days in 1972 to create the first prototype of the idea.
Mobile Phones First
Mobile First
Cooper and the engineers who worked for him, and Mitchell patented invention "Radio Telephone System" filed on October 17, 1973 with patent number 3,906,166 and was approved in September 1975 on their behalf. Cooper is considered the inventor of the first handheld cellular phone (mobile) first and the first to make a call by mobile cell phone prototype was on 3 April 1973. Historic event that was witnessed in public in front of journalists and passers-by in the street of New York. The first call is addressed to Dr. Joel S. Engel, head of research at Bell Labs.
The first sentence is pronounced 'Joel, I'm calling you from a' real 'cellular telephone. A handheld portable telephone. '
The first call as early marker of the beginning of a fundamental shift in the technology and communications market towards a portable telephone communication where one can directly communicate with others directly, no longer as of yore where the destination is a place as home phone. This is the result of the work of his vision for personal wireless handheld telephone communication that sets it apart from the car phone (Car Phones). Cooper later revealed that he got the idea to develop cell phone after watching Captain Kirk using a communicator tool at the Star Trek television series.
Although dubbed as 'Father Cellular Phones (Mobile)', with humility Martin Cooper said: "Even though I'm part of the invention, but the work is the work of teams and hundreds of literary people who create a vision of how mobile as today, which of course not perfect. We are still working and trying to make it better ".
Product Commercialization
The first Motorola DynaTAC handset, has a weight of 1 kg (2.2 lb) and 35 minutes of talk time. In 1983, after a four iterations, Cooper's team had reduced the handsets weight by half. Product price is around $ 4,000 (or equivalent in value to $ 8,600 in 2009). Cooper Leaving Motorola before they started selling cell phones to consumers.
Cellular Business Systems
Martin Cooper started a company with partners who provide billing system provider. In 1986, they sold the Cincinnati Bell for $ 23m.
ArrayComm
In 1992, Martin Cooper joined Richard Roy, a researcher at Stanford University, to form ArrayComm. The company began to specialize in the creation of a more efficient mobile communications. While leading this company, Cooper created the Legal Cooper (Cooper's Law). This law states that every 30 months the amount of information transmitted by a certain amount over the radio spectrum doubled. He said that this law has been in force since 1897, when Marconi first patented the wireless telegraph.
Awards and Affiliations
In 1995, Martin Cooper received the Wharton Infosys Business Transformation Award for his technological innovations in the field of communication. Cooper is also a member of Mensa International. In 2000 Martin Cooper including Top Ten Entrepreneurs in Red Herring magazine. In 2009, he along with Raymond Tomlinson was awarded the Prince of Asturias, a tribute to the scientific and technical research.

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